Why did the medieval Abbasid Caliphs have almost all ancient Greek works of philosophy and science translated into Arabic? How did the long list of medieval Muslim polymaths reconcile abstract reasoning with Islamic doctrine?
Who were the radical freethinkers that rejected revealed religion in favor of reason in a society where apostasy and heresy were punishable by death?
And why are developments in the 11th century crucial to understanding modern controversies over blasphemy and apostasy, such as the Salman Rushdie affair and the attack on Charlie Hebdo?
Find out in episode 5 of Clear and Present Danger: A History of Free Speech. The Caliphate
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Literature: Episode 5
- Abbas, S.B. (2013): Pakistan’s Blasphemy Laws: From Islamic Empires to the Taliban. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
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- Griffel, F. (2009): Al-Ghazali’s Philosophical Theology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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- Hanne, E.J. (2007): Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority, and the Late Abbasid Caliphate. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
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- Lewis, B. (1953): ”Some Observations on the Significance of Heresy in the History of Islam” in: Studia Islamica 1. Maisonneuve & Larose Stable. Pp. 43-63.
- Lewis, B. (2003): What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East. Harper Perennial.
- Najjar, F.M. (1980): ”Democracy in Islamic Political Philosophy” in: Studia Islamica 51. 107–122.
- Peters, R. & De Vries, G.J.J. (1976–77): ”Apostasy in Islam” in: Die Welt des Islams, New Series 17(1/4). 1–25.
- Pipes, D. (2003): The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West.
- Packer, G.: The Moderate Martyr – A radically peaceful vision of Islam. The New Yorker. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com.
- Robinson, C.F. (ed.): New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. 7.
- Soage, A.B. (2007): ”Faraj Fawda, or the Cost of Freedom of Expression” in: Middle East Review of International Affairs 11(2).
- Staikos, K.P. (2007): The History of the Library in Western Civilization. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press.
- Starr, S.F. (2015): Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia’s Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Stroumsa, S. (1999): Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn Al-Rawāndī, Abū Bakr Al-Rāzī and Their Impact on Islamic Thought.
- Stroumsa, S. & al-Rāwandī, I. (1994): ”The blinding emerald: Ibn al-Rawandi’s ‘Kitab al-Zumurrud” In: Journal of the American Oriental Society 114.
- Tholib, U. (2002): The reign of the caliph al -Qādir billāh (381 /991–422 /1031). McGill University (Canada), ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. NQ85747. Pp. 258-259
- Young, M.J.L., Latham, J.D. & Serjeant, R.B. (eds.) (2006): Religion, Learning and Science in the ‘Abbasid Period. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Online sources
- Definition of Source: The Oxford Dicionary of Islam. Available at: http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com
- The Mysterious Fate of the Great Library of Alexandria. Available at: http://www.bede.org.uk
- Peter Adamson, The History of Philosophy without any Gaps episodes 120 – 145 https://www.historyofphilosophy.net